Wireworm has become a major problem causing extensive crop loss in many potato production areas in Canada. Wireworm control methods includes the use of chemical pesticides. However, pesticides can affect human health and the environment, and their use has consequently been questioned and prohibited in many countries. Therefore, the use of environmentally friendly plant protection techniques, including crop rotation as an alternative to chemical control measures have been promoted to minimize crop damage. In that context, buckwheat is used as a rotation crop to mitigate wireworm damage in potatoes. But so far, less is known about how buckwheat contributes to mitigate disease. This study was designed in a context of integrated pest management, with primary objectives to:(1) determine the microbial diversity in the buckwheat rhizosphere in comparison with other rotation crops; and (2) determine the correlation between the buckwheat rhizosphere microbiome structure and wireworm density. To achieve these objectives, 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing was performed to determine the microbial diversity in bulk and rhizosphere soils of buckwheat and barley grown at two locations during two growing seasons. A pilot wireworm trapping study was also performed to assess the wireworm population following buckwheat and barley as rotation crops. The study identified 27 phyla in the two crops of which Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria were the most abundant and species identification was confidently achieved in 7 phyla including Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Deinococcus-Thermus and Crenarchaeota. Interestingly, Methylophilus flavus, Saccharopolyspora tripterygii and Deinococcus yunweiensis were three operational taxonomic units (OTUs) found at the species level to be unique to the buckwheat rhizosphere soil at both locations and purported as non-pathogenic entophytic bacteria and beneficial for sustainable agriculture. Moreover, after two years, a reduction in wireworm density was observed in both crops although, the direct link associating the reduced wireworm density and the observed microbial diversity and the operating mechanisms in each crop remain to be elucidated. Taken together, changes were observed in the soil microbial communities associated with specific rotation crops and a reduction in wireworm density was correlatively observed. Thus, our study showed that the root system of buckwheat influences the structure of the microbiome in the rhizosphere as .hypothesized

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على مصادر استخدام علاقات التعلم التعاوني بين الطلاب الذين

يدرسون أي موضوع في الفصل .هذا قد يساعد المعلمين من أي موضوع في أي مستوى، سواء

كان ذلك اللغات الأجنبية والرياضيات أو العلوم الاجتماعية. الأداة الرئيسية التي من خلالها

الباحث يجمع البيانات هو استبيان لمعرفة كيفية استخدام المعلمين نصائح لتعليم التعلم التعاوني،

لذلك يجب على المدرسين اتباع النصائح لجعل التعلم نشط والمشاركة المستاوية في الفصول

الدراسية .

This study aims to investigate the sources of using cooperative learning relationships between learners studying any subject in a class .This study may help teachers of any subject at any level, whether that be foreign Languages, math's or social studies . The main tool through which the researcher collected data is questionnaire to find out how teachers use the tips of teaching cooperative learning, so teachers must follow these tips to make active learning, equal participation in the classrooms

Abstract

Nowadays, the information system methodology is lifeblood of any successful project. The success is based on the quality of information and its technology over the globe. This could rely on the development and operation of computer based systems. To assure that you achieved the goal, there should be a perfect and ideal selection of the methodology, and quite simply it matches your needs. However, there should be some researchers have been written about NIMSAD, SSADM and ETHICS and with no doubt much will be written in the future. The purpose of this paper is to conducting a comparison between two methodologies effectively. Besides, the implementation of NIMSAD framework will take an integral part in this paper. Consequently, the implementation will illustrate the strength and weakness points of both methodologies. Eight principals' steps of NIMSAD will be examined to demonstrate various aspects of EHTICS and SSADM methodologies. This, however, will help to ensure the efficient performance which is the main goal of this work.

As an evaluation method for e-Government world wide web portal in Turkey cities, I have applied and proposed an evaluation method to measure the accuracy for the usability satisfaction. By calculating the population for each city, I have selected the government website and try to apply the error checking by depending on the Measure 1. Measure 1 which has 10 dichotomous web usability standard, I valuate and coded each site based on the 10 dichotomous usability standards. Those dichotomous are categories and based on Web design errors, Standard web design

conventions, and the Presence of features designed. Then I suggest a method to easure the usability satisfaction by computing the total average for each site after I compute the individual average by counting the number of ones during our usability checking using Measure 1. Then I have found that the total number of websites that have satisfied the usability majority is (39 webpage) which is an approximate equal to

48%, and the sites that does not satisfy the usability majority is (42 webpage), which about 51%. Moreover, I tried to study the relation between the final usability accuracy that related to each dichotomous usability standards.

In my Experimental results and by plotting each usability satisfaction, I tried to find the dichotomous that effect on the final usability accuracy for each Turkey cities sites such as splash page which is named V1 in my experimental result and V2 which

is the need for horizontal scrolling at 1024×768 resolution or below those dichotomoushave achieved (100%) for the usability success. In contrast, Turkey website usability succeed has been affected by some Measure 1 dichotomous, which have achieved (0%) such as V4 which is the underlined text links which effect on the have achieved (0%) such as V4 which is the underlined text links which effect on the

user ability accuracy as a final measurement result.

Keywords: human computer, e-governement,website, usability,measure