Geography of the Arab countries, borders, terrain and climate, sections of the Arab countries The origin of the Arabs and their classes. The origin of the defunct word Arabs. The rest are Arab Arabs. Mozarabic Arabs The ancient Arab states in the south, the Ma'in state, the Sabaean state The Himyarite state The external aggression against Yemen, the Abyssinian invasion And the Persian invasion The Arab countries in the Levant and Iraq, the Nabataean state, the Ghassanid state The state of Mandara and the state of Palmyra The cities of Hejaz, Mecca, their location, history, and religious importance The city (Yathrib) its location and history. Taif, its location and history The conditions of the Arabs before the emergence of Islam, the political conditions and the economic conditions. Social conditions and religious conditions.

Definition of the term history through the ages History of language and terminology The importance of studying history and its goals. The place of history among the sciences. Is history a science? Historical method. Characteristics of the historian. Division of historical stages: the ancient era, the Middle Ages, the modern era, and the contemporary era Stages of historical writing Writing curricula among Muslims Historical sources. Origins and historical sources Archaeological writings and inscriptions Coins, numismatics or coins Architectural monuments and antiques History and other sciences: history, geography, economics and political economy History, politics and sociology History, demographics and psychology

Introduction to the ancient East and the characteristics of the civilizations of the Nile Valley, Mesopotamia, and the Levant. Arabia (Arabian Peninsula) Egypt at the dawn of history, the beginning of the era of the Pharaonic royal dynasties The most important aspects of Pharaonic civilization are political, religious and social life and economic life. Architectural art during the era of the Pharaohs (building Pyramids) . Foreign relations of the Nile Valley countries during Era of the Pharaohs. Iraq at the dawn of history. Sumerian dynastic era Assyrian era. The Levant in prehistoric times. The beginning of the use of metals.

The geography of Greece and its impact on their civilization The most important sources of Greek history and the factors that contributed to the emergence of Greek civilization Greek civilizations Mycenaean civilization The emergence of the city state and the influences that contributed to the growth and development of the city state System of government: Greek dynasty - Spartan dynasty Ethnic family Manifestations of civilization - political organization Economic life, cultural life, Greek literature, science and philosophy Social organization Solon's economic and political reforms War with Carthage - Wars with the Persian Empire Formation of political thought - the formation stage Definition stage - detail stage Art and architecture - city planning, sculpture, photography and medicine

Definitions and questions: Definition of scientific research and its foundations Scientific research methods: experimental method Statistical approach Historical method Qualities that must be present in a historical researcher Auxiliary sciences in the study of history: geography, language and literature. Archaeology, coins, documents, economics, and political science The origins of pure historical research. Choose the appropriate topic Research plan (tab.): introduction, introduction, sections, chapters Conclusion, appendices, list of sources and references Contents Arrangement of sources and references and systematic punctuation of the research Methods of quoting from sources and references and documenting Qur’anic verses. Practical applications in research methodology The mental processes carried out by the researcher, what is the thesis, the research thesis

Morocco in prehistoric times. Lower Paleolithic. Middle Paleolithic. Upper Paleolithic. Oran Civilization / Gafsid Civilization Neolithic in Morocco Egypt’s relations with the Maghreb, Egypt’s relations with the Maghreb during the era of the New Kingdom, Libo and the Twenty-Second Dynasty The inhabitants of ancient Morocco before the migrations of the sea peoples, the Tahno/Tamhou/Mishwash/Libo The Phoenician era, the Phoenicians origin and origin. The role of the Phoenicians in the Mediterranean, Phoenician cities Morocco in the Carthaginian era The population of Morocco in the Carthaginian era Manifestations of civilization in the Carthaginian era Political organization, army, economic life, religious life Greek-Carthaginian conflict Carthaginian-Roman conflict The Vandal occupation of the ancient Maghreb First Punic War Second Punic War Third Punic War

The geographical nature of the Arab countries Conditions of the Arabs before Islam Political and economic conditions Religious and social conditions The emergence of the Islamic call, the revelation. The Meccan role Migration to Abyssinia. The two pledges of allegiance and migration to Yathrib Establishing the Arab Islamic State / Al-Sahifa fraternization, building the mosque, legislating jihad and organizing the brigades The major conquests, the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. The conquest of Mecca, the conquests of Hunayn, Taif and Tabuk, the Farewell Pilgrimage and the death of the Prophet (PBUH). The Saqifa meeting and Abu Bakr assuming the caliphate. Wars of apostasy The caliphate of Omar bin Al-Khattab, Islamic conquests, causes and motives, the conquest of Iraq, Persia, the Levant and Egypt

Seeds of Hellenistic civilization, communication between the East and Greece Elements of Greek civilization, elements of Eastern civilization Opening up between Greece and the East and the role of Alexander, the city-state system and its flaws The Persians and their dominance over the ancient East Philip and control of Greece Alexander and control of the East Alexander, the founding of the empire, and his death The meaning of Hellenism and the opinions of researchers about it. Features of the Hellenistic era Moving from a city state to a world state The mixing of the civilizations of Greece and the East and what resulted from it. Features of systems and civilization in the Seleucid state, features of systems and civilization in the Ptolemaic Kingdom The Seleucids, their economic policy, and their role in the reconstruction of Asia Cleopatra and her relationship with Caesar and Antony, Rome and the Three Hellenistic Kingdoms in the East And the Greek wars, the subjugation of the Seleucid Kingdom, Egypt as a Roman province

General geographical features of the Italian peninsula The rise of the Roman Empire Manifestations of Roman civilization Roman law Roman art - architecture Sculpture, photography Engraving – writing instruments Industry - Trade Establishment of the republican system Problems of the republican system Roman domination of Carthage And the Three Cities Region The conflict between the Romans and the Libyan tribes Factors behind the collapse of the Roman Empire

History of India during prehistoric times Geographic overview, location, environment, terrain A brief overview of the historical stages India during the Lower Paleolithic Middle Paleolithic Upper Stone Age. Middle Stone Age The most important cultural features of the Indian peninsula Discover writing The reasons that helped discover writing India during ancient historical times Indo-Aryans’ political, social and economic life China during prehistoric times Characteristics of civilization in China during historical times China during ancient historical times

The name of Libya and its meaning The geographical location of ancient Libya Climate and its impact on the distribution of the population of ancient Libya Natural Resources The Libyan Desert in prehistoric times Technical waste Semantics of artistic waste Middle Paleolithic Upper Paleolithic Neolithic era Libyan-Egyptian relations Ancient Libyan tribes Cyrenaica in the Ptolemaic era Tripoli between the Phoenicians and Romans

Morocco before the Islamic conquest A historical overview of the countries of the Maghreb and the inhabitants of Morocco Islamic conquests: the conquest of Cyrenaica and Tripoli Open African Stages of completing the Arab-Islamic conquest Uqba bin Nafi's first mandate over Africa The Uqba campaign and the founding of Kairouan The state of Abu Al-Muhajir is a dinar Uqba's second term Hassan bin Noman campaign Organization of Islamic administration in Morocco The mandate of Musa bin Nusayr and his implementation His era of governors and strife between tribes The Almohads after the defeat of Al-Uqab

The rise of the Byzantine Empire: Historians' opinions about its establishment Crises facing the empire Political stability and economic turmoil. Persian and Germanic attacks Paganism and its shortcomings The era of Emperor Diocletian: his administrative reforms Building Constantinople The death of Constantine and the decline of the empire Apostasy to paganism. Sectarian differences. Teutonic attacks The era of Emperor Diocletian The era of Emperor Constantine the Great The cultural manifestations of the Byzantine state and the fall of the Byzantine state

Relations between East and West Medieval societies Origins of European history Empire and Christianity Barbarians and the Fall of the Empire in the West The position of the Byzantine Empire towards the barbarians Medieval Italy, the Papacy, and the Western Church Char-Laman and the Frankish Empire Germany and the Revival of the Holy Roman Empire Medieval Italy, the Papacy, and the Western Church Landmarks and systems of civilization in the Seljuk state England under Norman rule The political history of Egypt in the Ptolemaic era Subjugation of the Seljuk Kingdom, Egypt to a Roman state

The importance of the English language in historical research Study and memorize the translation system For common Arabic and English letters Translated terms in general history Translated terms in ancient history Translated terms in medieval history Translated terms in modern and contemporary history Confused texts in ancient history Selected texts in medieval history Translated terms in modern and contemporary history Training in using the dictionary and translation

The conditions of the Arab state in the late Rashidun era and the transition of the caliphate to the Umayyads Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan and the establishment of the state, internal political events during his reign Muawiyah's foreign policy and his relations with neighboring countries The death of Muawiyah and Yazid’s assumption of political events during the time of Yazid. Hussein bin Ali movement. Abdullah bin Al-Zubair movement The death of Yazid and the accession of Muawiyah II. The transfer of the caliphate to the Marwani branch. Political events during the succession of Marwan bin Al-Hakam. The succession of Abdul Malik bin Marwan, internal political events, opposition movements, Shiites, Ibn al-Zubayr movement, Kharijites Abd al-Malik's foreign policy, the Eastern Front, the Byzantine Front, the North African Front Abdul Malik's administrative policy, the Arabization movement, Arabization of administration, Arabization of criticism, and his death. Al-Walid bin Abdul-Malik, his internal policy, his foreign policy, the eastern front, Transoxiana, Sindh, the Byzantine front, the North African front, and the conquest of Andalusia. His death. Suleiman bin Abdul-Malik, his internal and foreign policy, the succession of Omar bin Abdulaziz The succession of Yazid bin Abdul Malik, his internal and foreign policy, and the emergence of the Abbasid call. His death. The succession of Hisham bin Abdul Malik and the conditions of the state during his reign. The succession of Al-Walid bin Yazid. The succession of Yazid bin Al-Walid, the succession of Marwan bin Muhammad Al-Jaadi and the end of the state. The features of the Umayyad state, aspects of its civilization, and the reasons for its downfall

The circumstances surrounding the Islamic East and the European West Motives of the Crusade movement The Turks and the revival of Muslim power The Near East in the late eleventh century Call for the First Crusade The First Crusade, establishing the Emirate of Edessa The road to Jerusalem, the organization of conquest, the invasion of Palestine The conflict between Jerusalem and Islamic forces in the Levant and Iraq The Second Crusade, the Third Crusade, the most famous Ionian kings and princes Organization of the Ayyubid State, works of Imad al-Din Zengi The Fourth Crusade, Works of Nuri al-Din Zengi The Just King Mahmoud Zengi, The Sixth Crusade Emperor Frederick II, Seventh Crusade The results of the Crusades, the results of the Crusades, the paths of Islamic civilization to Europe

Morocco before the Islamic conquest A historical overview of the countries of the Maghreb and the inhabitants of Morocco Islamic conquests: the conquest of Cyrenaica and Tripoli Open African Stages of completing the Arab-Islamic conquest Uqba bin Nafi's first mandate over Africa The Uqba campaign and the founding of Kairouan The state of Abu Al-Muhajir is a dinar Uqba's second term Hassan bin Noman campaign Organization of Islamic administration in Morocco The state of Musa bin Nusayr and his works The pressure of the governors and strife between the tribes The beginning of the era of independent states Kharijites in Morocco The majority Study The fall of the majority state The Almoravids and the Battle of Zallaqa Fatimids The Almohads and the Battle of Ark Benghani revolution Hafsids The Battle of Al-Uqab and the collapse of Muslim power in Andalusia The Almohads after the defeat of Al-Uqab

Definition of documents, the most important types of documents, the role of documents in the world according to their antiquity The preservation system developed in Egypt before the establishment of the notebook in the French National Archives British Archives (British Archives) Access systems at the British Archives American Archives, systems for accessing documents in the American Archives Secondly, manuscripts Definition of the manuscript, problems with the manuscript interface The first written text, early classification Paper and paper, types of fonts Origin of texts, copies of copies How to collect originals, scan copies Investigation, investigation, author name Verifying the book’s attribution to its author, verifying the text of the book Introductions to text investigation Correction and distortion

A glimpse into the history of Libya before the Arab-Islamic conquest The population of Libya before the Arab-Islamic conquest The Arab-Islamic conquest of Libya Motives for the Arab-Islamic conquest of Libya The campaign of Amr ibn al-Aas against Cyrenaica and Tripoli, and his most important deeds Abdullah bin Saad's campaign against Africa Muawiya bin Hudayj's campaign against Libya and Africa Libya in the era of governors Uqba bin Nafi's first mandate over Libya and Africa The state of Abu Al-Muhajir Dinar over Libya and Africa The state of Zuhair bin Qais Al-Balawi, the state of Hassan bin Al-Numan Al-Azdi Al-Ghassani Revolutions of the people of Libya The revolution of Okasha bin Ayoub Al-Safri and the Ibadi revolution in Tripoli The revolution of Al-Harith bin Talid Al-Hadrami and Abdul-Jabbar bin Qais Al-Muradi Libya among the Tulunid Aghlabids The conditions of Cyrenaica and Tripoli in the days of the Aghlabids, the campaign of Abbas bin Ahmed bin Taloun against Tripoli Libya in the Fatimid era, Libya between the Fatimids and the Banu Ziri Sanhajis Cultural and scientific life in Libya during the Middle Islamic era

Africa in Arabic works The historical roots of Arab-African relations before the emergence of Islam The Arabs and the discovery of Africa, the spread of Islam in Africa Factors for the spread of Islam in Africa The routes taken by Islam to Africa The spread of Islam in West Africa The question of slavery and the slave trade in Africa The role of Africans in spreading Islam in West Africa The Arabs and the Kingdoms of Western Sudan Centers of Islamic culture in West Africa Timbuktu city, Kanem city, Kingdoms and sultanates of South and West Africa Kingdom of Ghana, Kingdom of Mali, Sultanate of Sengai Arabs in East Africa before Islam, the establishment of the Sultanate of Zanzibar The Arab incursion into the Christian kingdoms of Abyssinia and Nubia, manifestations of Arab-Islamic civilization in Africa

Origin of the name and term - demographics The Iberian Peninsula before the Islamic conquest Second: The Arab-Islamic conquest of Spain Motives and introductions to the conquest Stages of conquest - Tariq bin Ziyad’s campaign The Battle of Shaduna and the conquest of Cordoba, Toledo and their environs Musa bin Nusayr campaign Third: The era of the Andalusian governors Settlement of Muslim Arabs in Andalusia Conquests of Muslim Arabs in northern Spain and southern Al-Aal (France) Fourth: The era of the Umayyad emirate in Andalusia The entry of Abd al-Rahman al-Dakhil ibn Muawiyah into Andalusia and the establishment of the Umayyad emirate Caliphs of Abd al-Rahman al-Dakhil, the ministry in Andalusia (Muhammad bin Abi Amer) Internal movements and strife in Andalusia during the Umayyad era, external dangers surrounding Andalusia during the Umayyad era Fifth: The era of the Taifa Kings Countries of sect kings (Bani Al-Abad - Bani Jahur - Bani Hud), sectarian states and the conflict with the Christian Spanish kingdoms Sixth: Andalusia in the Almoravid era The Almoravids entered Andalusia, the Battle of Zallaqa 497 AH, eliminating the Taifa kings and unifying Andalusia. Seventh: Andalusia in the Almohad era The control of the Spanish kingdoms over Andalusia, the fall of Andalusia (causes - results)

An overview of the political situation in the Arab world after the fall of Baghdad The importance of the Arab world in terms of geographical location Holy places, population, and diversity of resources in the Arab world Mongol invasion / Origin of the Mongols, First Mongol invasion, Second Mongol invasion The entry of the Mongols into Baghdad and the overthrow of the Abbasid Caliphate, Iraq after the fall of Baghdad The Mongolian advance on Mosul and the Levant The occupation of Aleppo, the conditions of the Levant after the fall of Baghdad, the conditions of the Nile Valley countries after the fall of Baghdad Confronting the Mongol invasion (Battle of Ain Jalut) The conditions of the Arabian Peninsula after the fall of Baghdad Tamerlane's campaigns against the Arab world Safavid invasion of the Arab world Kingdoms in the Arab world Kingdoms in the Levant, kingdoms in countries in Iraq, kingdoms in Egypt The Ottoman-Safavid conflict and its impact on the Arab world Political developments in Morocco, political developments in Andalusia

The translation movement in the Middle Ages. The most prominent translators. Reasons for translation and its results Sharia sciences. Interpretation. The science of readings is the science of hadith and Sunnah. Jurisprudence Arabic language sciences (literature and grammar) Medical Sciences . Medicine . The medical exploits of the Arabs, their innovations and their scientists. Bimaristans definition and types Pharmacology Mathematical Sciences Astronomy (astronomy) chemistry Science of tricks (mechanics) Botany - Zoology Geology Geography - History Arts The most important Arab and Muslim scholars

The political situation in North Africa before the establishment of the Fatimid state. The establishment of the Fatimid state. The origin of the Fatimids - the Shiite mission in North Africa - the first pioneers - the role of Abu Abdullah Al-Da’i. The journey of Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi to the Maghreb. The succession of Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi. The caliphate of the Qa’im by God’s command Succession of Al-Mansur with Nasrallah Conditions in Egypt before the Fatimids settled The caliphate of Al-Mu'izz to the religion of God, the transfer of the Fatimid caliphate to Egypt and the Islamic East, and the construction of the headquarters of the caliphate and Al-Azhar Mosque in the city of Cairo. The succession of the Mighty in God Succession of the ruler by God’s command. The caliphate of Al-Zahir - the caliphate of Al-Mustansir by God The deterioration and decline of the Fatimid Caliphate under the rule of The deterioration and decline of the Fatimid Caliphate under the rule of ministers Political, administrative, economic and financial systems during the Fatimid era. Social life, arts and architecture during the Fatimid era. The end of the Fatimid state

The Arab world before the Ottoman rule. The importance of the location of the Arab world. Political, economic and social conditions Ottoman control over the Levant, Egypt, and Hijaz. Ottoman control over Iraq, Yemen, southern and eastern Arabia Control of the Maghreb except Marrakesh The political, economic and social conditions of the Arab world under Ottoman rule Independence movements secession from the Ottoman Empire. Zahir al-Omar movement in Palestine - Fakhr al-Din al-Maani movement in Lebanon Zahir al-Omar movement in Palestine - Fakhr al-Din al-Maani movement in Lebanon Ahmed Al-Jazzar’s movement in the Levant - Al-Azm family in Syria - Muhammad Ali in Egypt The Qaramanli family in Libya - the Husseinid family in Tunisia European ambitions in the Arab world during the seventeenth century until World War I. The French campaign against Egypt and the Levant, 1798 AD French occupation of Algeria - French occupation of Tunisia Imposing French protection on Al-Aqsa Morocco in 1912 AD British colonization of Egypt and Sudan Italian colonization of Libya British colonization of Iraq, southern Arabia, and the Arabian Gulf Reform and awakening movements in the Arab world. Factors of the weakness of the Ottoman Empire and its impact on the Arab countries.

The Ottoman-Spanish conflict and its impact on the countries of the Maghreb. The Spanish occupation of the city of Tripoli in 1510 AD. Libyan resistance to the Spanish occupation. The conditions of Tripoli under Spanish rule. Spain ceded Tripoli to the Knights of Saint John. The rule of the Knights of Saint John over Tripoli 1530-1551 AD Libya under Ottoman rule, the coming of the Ottomans to Libya, the administrative system, the era of the pashas 1551-1603 AD, the era of the deputies 1603-1711 AD, the revolutions that took place against the Ottomans. Establishment of the Karamanli family Ahmed Pasha Al-Qaramanli, the works of Ahmed Pasha, and the death of Ahmed Pasha The era of Muhammad Pasha. Judgment on bulgur. Youssef Pasha Al-Qaramanli, his works. The Libyan-American war. Ali Al-Qaramanli and the end of the Qaramanli rule. The Second Ottoman Era. The factors that led to the return of the Ottomans to rule. Study of the most important rulers and their most important deeds. The political and administrative systems followed in the state. European ambitions in Libya

Landmarks of modern European history. Manifestations of the Middle Ages - Features of modern European history The European Renaissance - its factors - its centers - its manifestations Geographical discoveries. Its causes. Spanish statements. Portuguese statements. French and English statements. Results of geographical discoveries. Modern European colonialism. Causes and factors: European colonization of Africa, Berlin Conference, colonization of Asia. The Reformation, Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation, John Calvin. Catholic Reform Movement, Council of Trent, Inquisition The Thirty Years' War - the causes - the four stages, the Peace of Westphalia. Eastern Europe in the 17th century, Russia under Peter the Great, the emergence of the state of Prussia, the era of French supremacy French Revolution . Its causes, events, and Europe’s position on it. Napoleon Bonaparte and the French Empire Congress of Vienna and peace settlements 1814-1815 AD The era of revolutions in Europe - Italian unification 1870 German unification 1871 The Industrial Revolution and its effects, England and the Industrial Revolution, the spread of the Industrial Revolution and its results. The movement of colonial expansion in the 19th century, the balance of power in Europe before World War I.

Civilization is a language and terminology, the factors of its establishment. The political system in Islam, the Caliphate, the Ministry Emirate, Hijab, Writing Administrative system, offices, post, Judicial system, grievances judiciary, hisbah, police, The financial and economic system: the treasury, state expenditures, railways, trade, and industry Military system, army, military fleet Social life, women in Islamic society, classes of Islamic society Arab-Islamic arts, architecture, building mosques and cities, decoration and photography, singing and music Scientific life in Islam, religious sciences, social sciences (history, geography, philosophy) Natural sciences (arithmetic, chemistry, physics,) Medicine, pharmacy The movement of translation and transportation, its causes, and its results The impact of Arab civilization in the world, Europe, and Africa

Unraveling Africa in the modern era Motives for European colonization of Africa Slave trade. Portuguese colonization in Africa Spanish colonization in Africa Dutch colonialism in Africa. The activity of the Dutch East India Company, the formation of the Cape Colony and the activity of the Boers in it, the migration of the Boers and its causes, the war between the Boers and the English, and the establishment of the Union of South Africa. Belgian colonization in Africa, the activity of King Leopold. Berlin Conference 1884/1885 AD, its decisions and results. Italian colonization in Africa and the formation of Italian colonies. German colonization in Africa French colonization in Africa and the formation of French colonies British colonialism in Africa and the formation of British colonies Creation of Liberia World War I and its repercussions on the African continent

Geographical features of the continent of Asia Economic features Historical and cultural background The beginning of colonial penetration in Asia China in the seventeenth and twentieth centuries The First and Second Opium Wars The Opium War and Colonial Expansion Taiping movement Boxers revolution Sino-Japanese War Chinese Revolution 1949 AD Cultural Revolution 1960 AD Japan since 1853 - The traditional Meiji movement - Modern Japanese Renaissance

Countable and uncountable nouns Plural and single nouns Present simple tense Present continuous tense Past simple tense Present perfect tense Past continuous tense Past perfect tense Unit 1: Interrogatives Unit2: Articles Unit 3: sentence structure

The development of psychology, definition of psychology and its goals The importance of psychology, branches of psychology The relationship of psychology with other sciences Behavioral school, analytical school Cognitivist school, humanistic school Attention and sensory perception Definitions of sensory perception Factors affecting attention Definition of perception and the factors affecting it Definition of emotion and conditions for its occurrence, types of emotion, theories of emotion Definition of motivation and its types, theories of motivation. Definition of intelligence, its theories, factors affecting it, thinking and remembering Psychological health

Defining the art of public speaking and knowing its fields Rules that must be observed by the recipient: Initiation. Endowment. Eraz. Intonation. Tabriz Wholesale and its types Punctuation marks and their role in the art of speaking What does speech depend on? Characteristics of a distinguished orator Characteristics of a good speaker Ages of Arabic literature From the conditions of the predicate and the predicate to it Deletion in the predicate and the predicate The hamza is at the beginning of the word The hamza is in the middle of the word The hamza at the end of the word

صور المبتدأ . أنواع الخبر، تقديم الخبر. حالات حذف المبتدأ والخبر وجوبا وجوازا. كان وأخواتها، معانيها، وعملها. تقديم أخبارها، حذف اسمها، حذف خبرها. كان التامة، الحروف المشبهة بليس. إن وأخواتها، معانيها، وعملها. مواضيع كسر همزة إن، مواضيع فتح همزة إن. لا النافية للجنس. أنواع أسم لا النافية للجنس. شروط إعمالها. طن وأخواتها. الإلغاء. التعليق.

Verbs : present, past& future perfect tenses. Affirmative, negative& interrogative. Modal verbs: can, could, will, would, shall, should, may ,might, must, have to,(ability, possibility, permission, obligation……..etc Modal verbs: can, could, will, would, shall, should, may ,might, must, have to,(ability, possibility, permission, obligation……..etc Making questions: informative (WH)question & yes, no questions. Passive voice: simple, continuous & perfect tenses Prepositions: preposition of time, place& movement. Relative clauses: defining & non-defining (who- which-where-that…..etc Reported speech: statement, command, question sentences Conjunctions: because, although, or ,but, ….etc.

مفهوم الثقافة الإسلامية مصادر الثقافة الإسلامية. أهمية الثقافة الإسلامية ، علاقة الثقافة الإسلامية بالثقافات الأخرى. مفهوم وأركان العقيدة الإسلامية. خصائص العقيدة الإسلامية. الآثار على الفرد. الآثار على المجتمع. مسائل في العقيدة الإسلامية مفهوم العبادة. دوافع العبادة. حكم العبادة وشروطها. خصائص العبادة. حكم العبادة ومقاصدها. مفاهيم وممارسات خاطئة في العبادة. الأخلاق وتحديد مفهومها. مكارم الأخلاق وحرص الإسلام على تقويم الأخلاق. الوسائل التربوية لاكتساب مكارم الأخلاق وتنميتها.

Libya identity and civilization: geographical location and history, Libya and the Libyan tribes, Libya rule by the Greeks and Romans, the arrival of the Arabs and the spread of Islam in Libya. The rule of the Ottoman Turks, Libya and Italian colonialism, the independence of Libya and the building of the modern state. Libya in the global context: education and the challenges of globalization: Libya in history, Libya, globalization and education, global developments, the global context and education in Libya. Human development in Libya. The culture of democracy: gaps and shortcomings in educational and pedagogical curricula. The philosophical foundations of democratic governance. Cultural Heritage. The concept of national culture and its sources. The importance of national culture and its relationship with other cultures. Civic education and respect for diversity. National education, national rights and duties. Definition of identity and national identity. The concept of citizenship, citizenship rights and duties. Ways to achieve citizenship and national belonging. The role of educational institutions in promoting national belonging. National education and civil society, civil society and its relationship with the state. National reconciliation and transitional justice. Problems and challenges facing contemporary Libyan society.

A historical introduction to computers and an introduction to computer generations Types of computers and computer features The physical and moral components of the computer Components of input units Output unit components CPU components Counting systems Logical pops Introduction to networks

Prelude to the Italian invasion and the position of the Libyans towards it. Libya before the occupation - the Bank of Rome and its role in paving the way for the invasion - exploratory missions to Libya - European competition over the occupation of Libya - the national and Turkish position on Italian penetration in Libya. The beginning of the Italian invasion of Libya. The Italian warning to the Ottoman authorities - The Italian government’s declaration of war on the Ottoman Empire - The Ottoman position on the declaration of war - The occupation of Tripoli, October 1911 - The Battle of Al-Hani and Shatt Street, October 1911 Occupation of Tobruk - Occupation of Derna October 1911 - Occupation of Benghazi October 1911 - Occupation of the city of Al-Khoms - The Italian government’s announcement of the annexation of Tripoli and Cyrenaica to the Italian crown - Battle of Bu Kammash - Occupation of Zuwara - Occupation of Misrata. The Ochi Peace of Lausanne 1912 and its impact on the jihad movement. Negotiations between Turkey and Italy - Turkish withdrawal from Tripoli and Cyrenaica - The national position on peace - Al-Aziziya Conference - The effects of the Peace of Lausanne on the jihad movement. Italian penetration into the country following the Peace of Lausanne. The Battle of Jendouba 1913 - The Campaign against Fezzan - The Battle of Ashkada - The Battle of Mahruqa - The Battles of Cyrenaica - The Battle of Sidi Karim Al-Qarbaa World War I and the Jihad movement. Jihad movement in Fezzan 1914 The Jihad movement in the western region - the Battle of Qardabiya and its results The appearance of Idris Al-Senussi on the political scene in Cyrenaica - negotiations with Italy (Zeitina - Ikrimah Agreement) Tripoli Republic 1918 Establishment stage. Meslata Conference, November 1918. The Italian position and the international position on the Tripolitan Republic - Gharyan Conference. The Libyan Jihad movement between the two wars. Al-Rajma Agreement - Abu Maryam Agreement - Sirte Conference 1922 Battle of Qasr Hamad 1922 - Sharif Hotel Conference April 1922 - Italian campaigns on the Qibla. Battle of Taqrift. The Jihad Movement in the Green Mountain led by Omar Al-Mukhtar The most prominent features of the Jihad Movement in this period - Unified leadership - Roles - Jihad battles led by Omar Al-Mukhtar - Capture and execution of Omar Al-Mukhtar The Italian policy of oppression and genocide against the Libyans. Detention centers - the damage resulting from exile and extermination. Sources of supply in the Jihad movement. Supply types and sources. External supply - internal supply.

The origin of the Ottoman Turks, the establishment of the emirate in the time of Osman, the establishment and expansion of the state in the era of Ur Khan 3 Murad Khan I and his deeds 3 The state during the reign of Sultan Bayezid Ibn Murad 3 The era of victory of Muhammad I 3 Sultan Mehmed II and the conquest of Constantinople expand into Europe. 3 Sultan Bayezid II 3 The era of prosperity Selim I / Suleiman the Magnificent and the expansion in Europe, Asia and Africa, the expansion towards the East and control of the Arab world. 3 Ottoman system of government, administration, military institutions, financial regulations The Age of Weakness, Selim II, Murad IV The era of decline and the establishment of decentralized regional administrations The era of decadence, the Ottoman reform movement, Selim III, Mahmud II and the elimination of Janissary institutions. Abdul Majeed and the charitable organizations (Sharif Kalkhana script 1839, Humayun script 1856, Abdul Hamid II, Al-Dustour. The era of the fall, the Unionist Revolution 1908-1909 AD, the position of the Unionists on the First World War. World War I and the end of the Ottoman Empire

European alliances and the balance of power, the Triple Alliance, the end of Bismarck, the Russo-French Alliance, the British-Japanese Entente Cordiale, the British-French Entente Cordiale, the Russo-British Entente. The crises leading up to World War I, the Russo-Japanese War, the Algeciras Crisis, the Bosnia and Herzegovina Crisis, the Agadir Crisis, the Ottoman-Italian War, and the Balkan War. The First World War, its causes - the events of the war, the role of the United States of America in the First World War, the peace conference, the peace treaties. Bolshevik Revolution - Reconciliation Conference and Peace Agreements. Europe between the wars. League of Nations Fascist regime in Italy The Nazi regime in Germany. Crises leading up to World War II. Sino-Japanese War, Italo-Ethiopian War. World War II. Direct and indirect causes Spanish Civil War – Annexation of Austria by Hitler The Polish-German crisis. The war and its events, the end of the war and peace negotiations United nations The Cold War, its causes and its effects in the international arena - the fall of the communist camp

What is philosophy? The concept of the philosophy of history. The relationship of history to philosophy. Integration between the work of the historian and the work of the philosopher, Making history. Personalities or civilizations. History is made by personalities. History is created by civilizations. Theories of the philosophy of history, the theory of divine providence. San Augustine. The theory of cyclical succession.. Vico. Theory of progress. Voltaire, Condorcet. The meeting of human action and divine planning. Kant's interpretation of general history in its universal sense. Dimensions of the philosophy of history, the metaphysical dimension according to Hegel. Metaphysics and logic as foundations for the philosophy of history, the role of the state, and the course of global history. The economic dimension of Karl Marx and Engels. Hegelian dialectics, Bach's material, the materialist interpretation of history. The biological dimension according to Spengler, the relationship of history to philosophy, the idea of ​​contemporaneity between civilizations, the idea of ​​destiny, the stage of civilization and the decline of civilization. Toynbee’s religious civilizational dimension, criticism of historians and philosophers of history, challenge and response theory, advantages of the theory, collapse of civilization and factors for its rise. Islamic civilization in light of the theory of challenge and response The Islamic interpretation of history, the role of nomadism, the role of urbanization, the role of decline, and other reasons for the extinction of countries and civilizations. Factors for the fall of civilizations, the alternation of days among people, the deadlines of civilizations, intellectual and material invasion. The fate of Western civilization.

The concept of international relations. The nature of international relations and its connection with other sciences. Factors affecting international relations. Contemporary theory in the study of international relations. The ideal school - Political realism Behavioral school The course of international relations before World War II. The international reality after the end of World War II. The bloc of capitalism led by the United States of America. The bloc of socialist countries led by the Soviet Union. International political relations in the era of international organizations. The League of Nations . International political relations in the era of the United Nations, the founding stage, the organization’s charter, the role of the United Nations in addressing international issues International alliances and the balance of power. NATO - Warsaw Pact - NATO - Baghdad Pact Balance of power theory International relations in light of the Cold War. Introduction to the Cold War The policy of containment and international polarization in light of the Cold War. - The missile crisis in Cuba - The Vietnam War - The Eisenhower Doctrine and filling the void Manifestations of the Cold War - The Korean War International relations between peaceful coexistence and the crisis of international reconciliation - Peaceful coexistence - The most prominent manifestations of peaceful coexistence - International reconciliation, its causes and crisis Non-Aligned Movement . Bandung Conference The emergence of the movement, principles and goals The challenges that faced and are facing the Non-Aligned Movement - Non-Aligned Movement and International Relations The impact of the Non-Aligned Movement on the international balance. The Non-Aligned Movement and the New World Order Reasons for the decline of the Non-Aligned Movement New international variables and their repercussions on international relations The collapse of the socialist system - The collapse of the Soviet Union - Imbalance of power and the dominance of the American pole in international relations - The Middle East and international relations

Conditions in Libya in the late Ottoman era. The emergence and development of the Sanusi movement. The Italian invasion of Libya, the Italian peaceful penetration into Libya, the reasons for the invasion, the beginning of the invasion, the Peace of Ouchey-Lausanne. The national resistance movement against colonialism, until World War I. Tripoli Republic 1918. Omar Al-Mukhtar and the Jihad movement, exile and detention centers Libya under Italian occupation 1931-1943 AD. Libya under the rule of the British and French administrations from 1943 to 1951 AD. Libya in the international field, the United Nations and the Libyan issue. The emergence of political parties and their political role (political groups). Quartet investigation committee to discuss the future of Libya. Political and constitutional developments in Libya, independence of Cyrenaica, Al-Wajid Committee of the Twenty, National Constituent Assembly (Committee of Sixty) Independence of Libya, Idris al-Senussi as king of the country, form of the state, system of government, ministry, executive authority, administrative system. The political situation of the Kingdom 1951-1969 AD. Successive ministries. Abolition of the federal system.

European colonialism in Africa at the outbreak of World War I. Collapse of Spanish colonialism Collapse of French colonialism Collapse of British colonialism Collapse of Portuguese colonialism The political and economic situation in Africa between the two wars. Independence of the Spanish colonies Independence of the French colonies Independence of the Portuguese colonies The problems left by European colonialism on the continent, the problem of borders, the problem of economic backwardness, the problem of social backwardness, and the problem of racial discrimination. Ending the problem of discrimination and racial segregation. African Conferences First Conference 1900 The second and third conference Fourth and fifth conference Organization of African Unity Conference of African States Arab-African relations

The development of the Arab issue before and after World War I, the correspondence of Sharif Hussein - McMahon - the Sykes-Picot Agreement, the Balfour Declaration and its repercussions - the Peace Conference - the San Remo Conference and the Mandate system, and its impact on the future of the Arabs. Political developments in Syria and Lebanon during World War I, Syria and Lebanon between the wars, Syria and Lebanon from World War II until independence, the emergence of the Emirate of Transjordan, the Emirate of Transjordan during World War II and the establishment of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The Palestinian issue and its developments between the two wars. The development of the Palestinian issue after World War II, the United Nations and the partition of Palestine, the 1948 war. Political developments in Iraq. Iraq during World War I, Iraq between the two wars, the twentieth revolution, Iraq between the wars, Iraq from World War II until the fall of the monarchy, Iraq under the Republican era. Political developments in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia since its establishment until today. Political developments in Yemen - Political developments in the Arabian Gulf. Political developments in Egypt. Egypt's political conditions during World War I, the national movement in Egypt between the wars, Egypt after World War II until the July 1952 Revolution, the July 1952 Revolution The political conditions of Sudan during World War I, Sudan between the two wars, Sudan from World War II until independence. Libya during World War I, Libya between the wars, Libya from World War II until independence, Libya under royal rule. Tunisia during World War I, Tunisia between the wars, Tunisia during World War II until independence, Tunisia under the rule of Abu Ruguiba. Algeria during World War I, political developments in Algeria between the wars - Algeria during World War II, the Algerian revolution and achieving independence. The National Movement in Morocco during World War I, Morocco between the wars, Morocco from World War II until independence Mauritania from colonialism to independence. French colonization of Mauritania, the emergence of political parties in Mauritania, and the achievement of independence. Political developments in Somalia, Somalia from colonialism to independence. The establishment of the Arab League, the Gulf Cooperation Council, the Arab Maghreb Union, and their role in developing Arab-Arab relations.

Japan and World War II Korea geographical location Historical and economic features Japan-China conflict over Korea Russian-Korean War India from colonialism to independence Pakistan China Vietnam from colonialism to independence French colonization in Vietnam War against the United States Indonesia from colonialism to independence Dutch colonialism in Indonesia, the national resistance movement and the path to independence. Indonesia after independence and during the contemporary period Thailand and Myanmar (Burma)

The conditions of the New World before the arrival of the Europeans: the Aztec, Maya, and Inca civilizations. The movement of European geographical discoveries and the factors behind their establishment. The discovery of sea routes Spanish geographical discoveries in South and Central America. The voyages of Magellan and Columbus English geographical discoveries in North America. Dutch geographical discoveries in North America. Results of geographical discoveries in the New World. European rivalry in the New World. Spanish colonialism in America and its nature. English colonies in the New World English Settlement Company in North America. English expansion into Canada. The relationship of the English with the Native Americans Anglo-French conflict in the New World The American Revolution of 1776 AD, the American War of Independence (its causes, developments, events, and results), independence and the constitution. The United States of America from independence to the Civil War. The most important presidential figures in the United States of America The American Civil War, its causes and consequences. Europe’s position on the American Civil War The United States of America and its policy of expansion in Europe and Asia. The policy of the United States of America towards Japan and China Expansion into the Caribbean and Central America, the issue of Cuba and Mexico Expansion into the Pacific Ocean The role of the United States of America in the First and Second World Wars

Graduation research aims to apply and implement the knowledge and skills that the student acquired during his study of specialized courses